Botswana’s Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) has responded to criticism about the recent killing of giant elephants tuskers. Hunter Leon Kachelhoffer attracted international attention recently after posting a picture of himself kneeling next to a big tusker he had just killed in Botswana. Former president Ian Khama led the criticism, calling the country’s leadership ‘incompetent and poor’. “This was one of the largest if not the largest tusker in the country. An elephant that tour operators constantly tried to show tourists as an iconic attraction. Now it is dead,” Khama wrote on his Facebook account.
An administrator at Tcheku Community Trust, which sold the elephant to Kachelhoffer, Peter Bantu indicated that there was nothing untoward as far as the killing of the bull.
“At this rate, what we can say is that there was nothing wrong about killing the elephant. The proceeds from the sale of this bull will benefit the community,” he said. According to Bantu, when members of the community benefit from such proceeds, they have a sense of ownership of elephants and actively participate in anti poaching activities.
DWNP Director Dr. Kabelo Senyatso also dismissed perceptions about the diminishing numbers of big tuskers. He says a remarkable feature of the Botswana hunting data from 1996-2013 has shown that the proportions of tusks of different sizes taken in the Controlled Hunting Areas (CHAs) over 15 years of hunting remained constant from year to year.
Speaking to Sunday Standard this week, Senyatso said: “This finding is highly significant and sheds light on the good management approach while highlighting misinformed beliefs that sport hunting is targeting only older big males.”
Senyatso says Botswana’s hunting quota is an evidence- and science-based process, economic viability. Specifically for elephants, Dr. Senyatso says, the elephant hunting quota allocation is based on several factors as explained in the Botswana National Elephant Management Plan and Action Plan 2021 to 2026.
The Management Plan aims to conserve optimal elephant populations while ensuring the maintenance of habitats and biodiversity, promoting the contribution of elephants to local economies and to national development while minimizing their negative impacts on rural livelihoods through three main targets. It aims to maintain viable populations of elephants in Botswana through minimal interference and where necessary by adaptive management.
The Plan also hopes to ensure elephant populations do not adversely impact on biodiversity conservation goals and community livelihood goals as well as involving all stakeholders in the realization of the full economic potential of elephants and other wildlife resources outside the protect areas through sustainable utilization.
Botswana often cites hunting as one way to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts, but what is the extent of human-wildlife conflict in the country? The DWNP Director says rural communities (in Botswana and across KAZA) living within the elephant expanding range are increasingly exposed to loss of crops, damage to water-points and fences as well as human fatalities.
“Measures taken by the Government on Botswana to reduce conflict include construction of electric fences and the use of deterrents, while compensation for elephant damage was increased by 100% with effect from November 2013.”
He says tolerance towards elephant damage varies depending on mitigating circumstances such as benefits from wildlife accruing to communities, and whether communities are used to living with elephants or not.
The lifting of the hunting moratorium in 2019, the DWNP says, is expected to increase community tolerance for elephant through employment, cash and other in-kind benefits.
“In Botswana there is relatively little overlap between elephants and people but where there is overlap, elephants can make their presence felt strongly. Often only a small proportion of elephants are involved but property losses can be costly and can severely impact rural livelihoods.”
Botswana spends approximately US$ 2, 4 million annually as compensation for wildlife damage. Dr. Senyatso says legal hunting assists the government to replenish its coffers. Almost half of all human-wildlife conflicts in Botswana are attributable to elephants, while elephants account for the vast majority of people killed by wildlife in Botswana .The fatalities have in the past averaged 14 deaths per annum with an average of five people killed by elephants per year for the decade between 2010 to 2020 (i.e. a total 48 human lives lost to elephants).
Tourism Safari Hunting is known to provide economic benefits for local communities around the hunting areas. In 2011 alone, before the hunting moratorium, Hunting Operators in just 7 Controlled Hunting Areas provided direct employment opportunities to at least 250 people.
Hunting operations are one of the highest employers of non-skilled rural people. Funds from the auctions of Special Elephant Quotas accrue to the Conservation Trust Funds (CTFs). The funds from the CTF support elephant conservation and community livelihood projects. In December 2021, over P24 million was raised from auctions of 70 elephants as part of the Special Elephant Quotas, which funds are usually re-invested into the conservation of elephants and supporting community livelihoods in the elephant range. The DWNP Director Dr. Senyatso says hunting operators’ presence during the hunting season is a proven deterrent for illegal activities, including both commercial and subsistence poaching. “Most hunting operators also maintain a skeleton staff during the off-season, and so this anti-poaching benefit is realized not only during hunting, but during the entire year.”
The recent media reports also raised concerns about a ‘fear zone’ for elephants to use intended wildlife corridors as part of the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Park (KAZA TFCA). The five KAZA partner states include Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Dr. Senyatso however says it is important to note that hunting of all wildlife (including elephant) is not allowed in any of Botswana’s national parks and game reserves saying it is only limited to areas designated as Wildlife Management areas and other managed areas designated as controlled hunting areas to ensure protection of the majority of the wild population which lives outside Protected Areas.
“Secondly, the concern about ’fear zones’ is noted, but perhaps over-stated, in view of the fact that hunting does not happen across all of a particular Controlled Hunting Area as most of these CHAs have localized land-
use plans that disaggregate hunting from non-hunting areas at a concession-scale.” He says the approach to separate hunting from non-hunting areas at a local- scale ensures Botswana and KAZA TFCA Partner States commitment to promoting co-existence of the shared wild lands between people and wildlife. “It is for this reason that the idea of Wildlife Dispersal Areas has been promoted across KAZA and serves as the rallying geographical space for coordinated interventions in natural resources management, tourism development, infrastructure development, human wildlife conflict and community development (with a strong focus on conservation friendly livelihood options) – all in the interest of fostering greater co-existence. There are six Wildlife Dispersal Areas across KAZA TFCA, and the Partner States are working tirelessly to ensure that wildlife movement across dispersal areas, and the linked socio- economic benefits, are sustained in the long-term.”
